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A) Cell viability (% of 1-day control) of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) cultured with the LPS concentrations (0 - control, 0.1, 1, and 10 µg/mL) diluted in α-MEM + 10% FBS assessed weekly (on days 1, 7, 14, and 21). Columns are means and error bars are standard deviations (n=8). Uppercase letters compare each LPS concentration at different time points and lowercase letters compare LPS concentrations within the same time point. Distinct letters are statistically different (repeated-measures ANOVA/Sidak, α=5%). B) Mineralized matrix formation (% of control) by HDPCs cultured with the LPS concentrations after 14 days. Columns are means and error bars are standard deviations (n=8). Distinct letters indicate statistically different groups (one-way ANOVA/Tukey, α=5%). C) Mineralized matrix formation (% of control) by HDPCs cultured with 0 or 10 µg/mL LPS after 21 days. Columns are means and error bars are standard deviations (n=8). Groups indicated with distinct letters are statistically different (t-test, α=5%). D) Representative images of mineral deposits in an extracellular matrix formed by HDPCs cultured with 0 or 10 µg/mL LPS after 21 days (in the row: an overview of a 96-well plate compartment stained with Alizarin Red, detailed view of each well, and inverted light microscopy image).