Supplementary Material for: Chronic Stress Exacerbates Hyperglycemia-Induced Affective Symptoms in Male Mice

Introduction: Among chronically ill populations, affective disorders remain underdiagnosed and undertreated. A high degree of comorbidity exists between diabetes and affective disorders, particularly depression and anxiety. The mechanisms underlying stress-induced affective dysregulation are likely distinct from that induced by diabetes. A direct comparison between stress- and hyperglycemia-induced affective dysregulation could provide insight into distinct mechanistic targets for depression/anxiety associated with these different conditions. Methods: To this end, the present study used male C57BL/6J mice to compare the independent and combined behavioral and neuroinflammatory effects of two models: (1) unpredictable chronic mild stress and (2) pharmacologically induced hyperglycemia. Results: Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia was associated with a set of behavioral changes reflective of the neurovegetative symptoms of depression (i.e., reduced open field activity, reduced grooming, increase immobility in the forced swim task, and decreased marble burying), increased hippocampal Bdnf and Tnf expression, and elevations in frontal cortex Il1b expression. Our chronic stress protocol produced alterations in anxiety-like behavior and decreased frontal cortex Il1b expression. Discussion: While the combination of chronic stress and hyperglycemia produced limited additive effects, their combination exacerbated total symptom burden. Overall, the data indicate that stress and hyperglycemia induce different symptom profiles via distinct mechanisms.