Tests of demographic changes based on ITS2 sequences.

Departure from neutrality tested using Fu’s Fs [42] and Ramos-Onsins and Rozas’ R2 statistic [43]. Significance determined using 10,000 simulated data sets implemented by DnaSP version 5.10.01 [44]. τ-values estimated from demographic expansion models using ARLEQUIN v 3.11 [33]. Goodness of fit tests for a model of population expansion calculated from the sum of squared deviation (SSD) and the Harpending’s raggedness index (Rag). Significance assessed by bootstrapping (10,000 replicates; ARLEQUIN v 3.11) [33].$All East New Zealand populations excluding Chatham;‡P values of (Expected SSD > Observed SSD) or P (Expected Rag > Observed Rag) superior to 0.05 means the null hypothesis of spatial expansion can’t be rejected;#nc: τ-value not calculated when spatial expansion is rejected.Tests of demographic changes based on ITS2 sequences.