Green Manure Return Induced Shifts in Soil Enzymatic Activities and Microbial Communities

Arsenic (As)-accumulating plants are used in monoculture or intercropping to remediate contaminated soils, but their As-rich biomass poses environmental risks. Using this biomass as green manure is a promising strategy to improve soil health, crop yield, and microbial diversity. However, its effects on stress tolerance and As accumulation in brown rice remain poorly understood. This study investigates the impact of five green manures derived from monoculture or intercropping of As-accumulating plants on brown rice physiology and soil microbial communities in As-contaminated soil under crop rotations.