Multidisciplinary approach to analyses of particulate matter

The research focused on air quality in Krakow, particularly concerning PM2.5, conducted by AGH scientists. Over multiple years (2018/2019, 2020/2021, and 2023/2024), advanced techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), ion chromatography (IC), and optical methods for black carbon analysis were employed. Using positive matrix factorization, four primary PM2.5 sources were identified: road dust/construction/industry/soil, secondary inorganic aerosols, exhaust traffic, and solid fuel combustion. Seasonal variations in pollutants like sulfur, chlorine, nitrates, and black carbon were noted.

An advanced XANES (X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) analysis was conducted at the SOLARIS Synchrotron, focusing on chemical phases of PM2.5 elements during summer and winter. Results revealed that winter samples included compounds like KHSO4, NaHSO4, and ZnS, while summer samples were dominated by sulfates.

Future research plans involve employing modern techniques (e.g., PIXE, ToF, S/TEM) to gain deeper insights into particulate matter composition, including chemical phases and nanoparticles. This multimethodological approach aims to support more effective pollution mitigation strategies and inform regulatory frameworks. The study's findings have broad implications for improving air quality in Krakow and other European cities, offering a foundation for updated environmental policies.