Data and code for: Warmer climates disrupt the activity-related pace-of-life syndrome in a viviparous lizard

README Nicolas Mouret and Elvire Bestion 2026-02-16 1. General Information 1.1. Title of Dataset Data and code for: Warmer climates disrupt the activity-related pace-of-life syndrome in a viviparous lizard, Mouret et al, in review in Ecological Monographs 1.2. Author information First author information Name: Nicolas Mouret Orcid: 0009-0005-7764-0158 Institution: Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement (CRBE), UMR 5300 CNRS-IRD-TINP-UT3, Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UAR 2029 Address: Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Bât 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France Email: [e-mail] Last author information Name: Julien Cote Orcid: 0000-0002-4453-5969 Institution: Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement (CRBE), UMR 5300 CNRS-IRD-TINP-UT3 Address: Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Bât 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France Email: [e-mail] 1.3. Abstract The expected changes in pace-of-life with climate warming should impact the individual variation in behaviour (aka personality traits) within populations with consequences on eco-evolutionary dynamics. Yet, the effect of climatic conditions on personality traits is rarely studied over entire lifetimes, making its association with the pace-of-life difficult to investigate. Here, using a dataset spanning 10 years of a semi-natural warming experiment carried out on the common lizard Zootoca vivipara, we studied the effect of age on 3 personality traits (activity, exploration, sociability). We further investigated climate impacts on activity level, a trait particularly embedded within a pace-of-life syndrome with more active individuals living at a faster pace. We hypothesized that warmer climates would accelerate the ageing of activity compared to present-day climates, with consequences on all fitness components. Beyond being repeatable through the lifetime, activity and exploration showed similar ageing patterns, with adults being more active and exploratory than juveniles but becoming less so as they aged as a result of both selective disappearance and plastic changes. Sociability was less repeatable, and showed weaker ageing patterns. In a present-day climate, higher activity was linked to a faster pace of life with improved growth, survival and reproduction rates in early life and a reduced life expectancy. A warmer climate mitigated this activity-related pace-of-life, with individuals reaching similar performances regardless of their activity level. This led to an overall lower intraspecific variation in activity in warmer climates potentially reducing the resilience to warmer climates and other environmental changes. Hence such a pace-of-life alteration likely have consequences for their population dynamics and persistence and, given the link of activity with metabolism, energy expenditure and foraging, likely influences consumptive and non-consumptive interactions with species at lower trophic levels and so ecological networks as a whole. 1.4. Keywords animal personality, climate change, activity, ontogeny, plasticity, pace-of-life syndrome, reptile, individual-centring 1.5. Date of data collection Data was collected during a long-term mesocosm experiment from 2011 to 2022. 1.6. Taxon or species from which data was collected Common lizard, Zootoca vivipara 2. Sharing and access information 2.1. Licenses and restrictions placed on the data The data is usable under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence but we would appreciate if we were contacted prior to meaningful use, and this dataset and the matching paper cited if appropriate. 2.2. Links to publications that cite or use the data A link will be provided once the publication is accepted. 2.3. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data Data is available for review, and will be deposited on zenodo upon acceptance 2.4. Was data derived from another source? no 2.5. Recommended citation for this dataset A citation will be provided once deposited on zenodo 3. Data and file overview 3.1. Directory structure . |- Data | |- df_mouret_et_al.csv | |- pedigree_mouret_et_al.csv |- Analysis_R | |- 01_Functions.R | |- 02_Ontogeny.R | |- 03_Fitness.R | |- 04_SurPlast.R | |- 05_Heritability.R | |- 06_Figures.R | |- 07_Demo_PCA_ageCentering.R |- Output | |- MCMCoutput | | |- model_herit_activity_ad_fisher.rds | | |- model_herit_activity_ad_mid.rds | | |- model_herit_activity_ad_ni.rds | | |- model_herit_activity_juv_fisher.rds | | |- model_herit_activity_juv_mid.rds | | |- model_herit_activity_juv_ni.rds | | |- model_herit_exploration_ad_fisher.rds | | |- model_herit_exploration_ad_mid.rds | | |- model_herit_exploration_ad_ni.rds | | |- model_herit_exploration_juv_fisher.rds | | |- model_herit_exploration_juv_mid.rds | | |- model_herit_exploration_juv_ni.rds | | |- model_herit_sociability_ad_fisher.rds | | |- model_herit_sociability_ad_mid.rds | | |- model_herit_sociability_ad_ni.rds | | |- model_herit_sociability_juv_fisher.rds | | |- model_herit_sociability_juv_mid.rds | | |- model_herit_sociability_juv_ni.rds | |- plot_activity_global.jpeg | |- plot_activity_global.pdf | |- plot_exploration_global.jpeg | |- plot_exploration_global.pdf | |- plot_fit.jpeg | |- plot_fit.pdf | |- plot_sociability_global.jpeg | |- plot_sociability_global.pdf | |- plot_survplast.jpeg | |- plot_survplast.pdf | |- tables_main.docx | |- tables_pca.docx | |- tables_supp.docx |- Analysis.Rproj |- R_session_info.txt |- README.docx |- README.html |- README.md |- README.Rmd |- renv.lock 3.2. Description of directories Name Description Data Directory for datasets used in this study Analysis_R Directory for R scripts used in this study Output Directory for saving figures and tables resulting from the analysis found in the main article and supplementary data Output/MCMCoutput Directory for saving outputs from the heritability mcmcglmm models as they are slow to run 3.3. Description of primary data files The data files are in the /Data folder Name Description df_mouret_et_al.csv Database of lizard personality traits and fitness outcomes over the 10 years of experiment pedigree_mouret_et_al.csv Pedigree for the heritability 3.4. Description of R scripts The R scripts are in the /Analysis_R folder Name Description 01_Functions.R functions used in the main scripts 02_Ontogeny.R script for investigating the ontogeny of activity, exploration and sociability 03_Fitness.R script for investigating how Activity score and Climate treatment imapact fitness proxies 04_SurPlast.R script for investigating whether survival or temporal changes explain ageing dynamics in diferent climates 05_Heritability.R script for investigating the heritability of activity, exploration and sociability 06_Figures.R script for outputting figures from the analyses 07_Demo_PCA_ageCentering.R demonstration script for the behaviour PCA and the age centering (not to run as the variables are directly in the dataset) 3.5. Description filest in the output folder derived using R The project leads to the creation of intermediate calculation steps from the R script that are stored in the /Output/MCMCoutput folder and of figures and tables resulting from the analysis found in the main article and supplementary data that are stored in the /Output folder. Files in the /Output folder Name Description plot_activity_global.jpeg figure 2 : effects of ageing and climate on activity, as a jpeg plot_activity_global.pdf figure 2 : effects of ageing and climate on activity, as a pdf plot_exploration_global.jpeg figure S2 : effects of ageing on exploration, as a jpeg plot_exploration_global.pdf figure S2 : effects of ageing on exploration, as a pdf plot_fit.jpeg figure 4: the relationship between activity and longevity depending on climate, as a jpeg plot_fit.pdf figure 4: the relationship between activity and longevity depending on climate, as a pdf plot_sociability_global.jpeg figure S3 : effects of ageing on sociability, as a jpeg plot_sociability_global.pdf figure S3 : effects of ageing on sociability, as a pdf plot_survplast.jpeg figure 3 : survival and temporal changes in activity depending on climate, as a jpeg plot_survplast.pdf figure 3 : survival and temporal changes in activity depending on climate, as a pdf tables_main.docx word document containing the formatted tables present in the main text tables_pca.docx word document containing the formatted table of pca of behavioural traits tables_supp.docx word document containing the formatted tables present in the supplementary document Files in the /Output/MCMCoutput folder This folder contains R objects from long calculation steps to avoid rerunning models Name Description model_herit_activity_ad_fisher.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of adult activity with fisher priors model_herit_activity_ad_mid.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of adult activity with mid priors model_herit_activity_ad_ni.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of adult activity with ni priors model_herit_activity_juv_fisher.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of juvenile activity with fisher priors model_herit_activity_juv_mid.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of juvenile activity with mid priors model_herit_activity_juv_ni.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of juvenile activity with ni priors model_herit_exploration_ad_fisher.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of adult exploration with fisher priors model_herit_exploration_ad_mid.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of adult exploration with mid priors model_herit_exploration_ad_ni.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of adult exploration with ni priors model_herit_exploration_juv_fisher.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of juvenile exploration with fisher priors model_herit_exploration_juv_mid.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of juvenile exploration with mid priors model_herit_exploration_juv_ni.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of juvenile exploration with ni priors model_herit_sociability_ad_fisher.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of adult sociability with fisher priors model_herit_sociability_ad_mid.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of adult sociability with mid priors model_herit_sociability_ad_ni.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of adult sociability with ni priors model_herit_sociability_juv_fisher.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of juvenile sociability with fisher priors model_herit_sociability_juv_mid.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of juvenile sociability with mid priors model_herit_sociability_juv_ni.rds the R object resulting from the heritability model of juvenile sociability with ni priors 3.6. Description of other files Name Description Analysis.Rproj The R project file R_session_info.txt session information with information about R version and version of the package in a human-readable way README.docx the present readme as a word file README.html the present readme as an html file README.md the present readme as a markdown file README.rmd the present readme as a Rmarkdown file renv.lock file with information about the R packages used to do the analysis. Users that want to re-create the R environment need to install R version 4.3.2 and the renv package version 1.0.3, and to call for the renv::restore() function in the R project to install the exact version of the packages used in the analysis 4. Methodological information 4.1. Description of methods used for collection of data A detailed explanation of the methods is provided in the related Mouret et al article, please refer to it for a full understanding of the methods and results. The study uses a database issued from 10 years of warming experiments on common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) populations (see e.g. Bestion et al 2015, doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002281, Pellerin et al 2022, doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.13814). Lizard populations were maintained inside of the Metatron, a system of 48 semi-natural mesocosms (100 m² each) located in Ariège, France. Each year, populations were subjected to one of two climates treatments, either present-day climate or +2°C warmer climate, and lizards morphological (body size), behavioural (activity, exploration, sociability) and life-history traits (survival, growth, reproduction) were monitored over the life of the individuals. In addition, genetic information from all individuals allowed to create a pedigree. We used the database to answer: to what extent activity, exploratory tendency, and sociability are repeatable throughout life and whether between-individual variations are heritable, whether the mean value, the variation, and the repeatability of these behavioural traits change over the course of ontogeny and senescence, whether climatic conditions influence the studied behavioural parameters, and whether climate-dependent changes in survival, growth and fecundity relate to behaviour as part of the pace-of-life framework 4.2. Instrument- or software-specific information needed to interpret the data To reproduce the analyses, the data should be read in R v 4.3.2 with the provided R scripts. The R version and the version of the packages used to reproduce the data are found in the R_session_info.txt file as well as in the renv.lock file. Using the renv package version 1.0.3, it is possible to call for the renv::restore() function in the R project to install the exact version of the packages used in the analysis. 4.3. People involved with sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission Julien Cote and Elvire Bestion designed the long-term study from which the database was issued, Nicolas Mouret, Julien Cote, Elvire Bestion and Matthieu Paquet designed the present study, Julien Cote, Elvire Bestion, Lucie Di Gesu, Felix Pellerin, Laurane Winandy, Luis San-José, Elodie Darnet, Aimeric Teyssier, Jean Clobert performed the experiments, Murielle Richard performed the DNA purifications, the polymerase chain reactions and analyzed the paternity data, Nicolas Mouret analysed and interpreted the data with the help of Elvire Bestion, Matthieu Paquet and Julien Cote, Nicolas Mouret wrote the first draft and Elvire Bestion, Julien Cote and Matthieu Paquet significantly contributed to redrafting. 5. Data-specific information 5.1. Codebook for the df_mouret_et_al dataset Number of variables: 61 Number of rows: 3920 Variable list: Name Description Index the row number (identification) Code the code of the individual (identification) Year the year Origin the origin of the individual (either Metatron, Cevennes, Foljuif or BacsBleus) Exp_origin experiment in which the lizard was at 0-years-old (either Metatron, Cevennes, Foljuif or BacsBleus) Code_Mother code of the mother (identification) Code_Father code of the father (identification) animal animal ID to link to the pedigree (identification) Birth_year Year of birth of the individuals (for individuals for which we have year of birth) Birth_date the birth date of the individual in julian days (numeric) Sex the sex of the individual at time t (numeric) Age the age of the individual at time t (numeric) JUVorNOT is the individual a juvenile at time t (1 = yes, 0 = no) mean_Age mean age from the age centering technique (numeric) centered_Age centered age from the age centering technique (numeric) centered_Age_quadratic centered age quadratic from the age centering technique (numeric) age_max maximum age recorded before the death of the lizard age_min minimum age at which the lizard entered the database SVL_t the snout-vent length of the individual at time t (numeric) PCAactivity_t The PC1 component from the PCA on activity traits at time t (numeric, the greatest number the more active) PCAexploration_t The PC1 component from the PCA on exploration traits at time t (numeric, the greatest number the more exploratory) PCAasociability_t The PC1 component from the PCA on sociability traits at time t (numeric, the greatest number the less social) Twalk_therm_cor_t Total time spent walking during the thermal preference experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA activity (numeric) Twalk_exp_t Total time spent walking during the exploration experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA activity (numeric) Twalknew_exp_t Time spent walking inside the new compartment during the exploration experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA exploration (numeric) Twalkhome_exp_t Time spent walking inside the home compartment during the exploration experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA exploration (numeric) Tnew_exp_t Total time spent inside the new compartment during the exploration experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA exploration (numeric) newhabitatfirst_exp_t latency to enter the new compartment during the exploration experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA exploration (numeric) Twalk_soc_t Total time spent walking during the sociability experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA activity (numeric) TO_soc_t Total time spent inside the compartment with conspecific odour during the sociability experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA asociability (numeric) TSO_soc_t Total time spent inside the compartment without conspecific odour during the sociability experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA asociability (numeric) ThideO_soc_t Time spent hiding under the shelter inside the compartment with conspecific odour during the sociability experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA asociability (numeric) ThideSO_soc_t Time spent hiding under the shelter inside the compartment without conspecific odour during the sociability experiment in seconds, to be used in the PCA asociability (numeric) Experiment_t experiment in which the lizard was at the time t (either Metatron or BacsBleus) Experiment_tm1 experiment in which the lizard was at the time t minus 1 (either Metatron, Foljuif, BacsBleus or unborn) Mesocosm_t mesocosm in which the lizard was at the time t (25 to 48 plus BacBleus or NA ) Mesocosm_t_Year concatenation of mesocosm in which the lizard was at the time t and year of experiment Mesocosm_tm1 mesocosm in which the lizard was at the time t minus (25 to 48 plus BacBleus, Foljuif, Juv (thus unborn at tm1) or NA ) Mesocosm_tm1_Year concatenation of mesocosm in which the lizard was at the time t minus 1 and year of experiment at t minus 1 Mesocosm_type_t the type of mesocosm in which the individual was put at t (either 1 = unconnected, or 2 = connected by pairs to another mesocosm) Mesocosm_type_tm1 the type of mesocosm in which the individual was put at t minus 1 (either 1 = unconnected, 2 = connected by pairs to another mesocosm, or NA if e.g. it was unborn at t minus 1) Temp_treat_tm1 climatic treatment of the mesocosms at time t minus 1 (0 = present-day treatment, 1 = warm treatment, 0.5 = individual moved between treatments during the summer, and NA = individual not in the treatments from t minus 1 to t, e.g., unborn) Temp_treat_t climatic treatment of the mesocosms at time t (0 = present-day treatment, 1 = warm treatment, 0.5 = individual moved between treatments during the summer, and NA = individual not in the treatments at time t, e.g. dead before release) Max_summer_day_temp_tm1 average of maximum daily temperatures inside the mesocosm over the summer at time t minus 1 in °C (numeric) Max_summer_day_temp_t average of maximum daily temperatures inside the mesocosm over the summer at time t in °C (numeric) Mean_summer_day_temp_t average of mean daily temperatures inside the mesocosm over the summer at time t in °C (numeric) CV_max_summer_day_temp_tm1 coefficient of variation of maximum daily temperatures inside the mesocosm over the summer at time t minus 1 in °C (numeric) CV_max_summer_day_temp_t coefficient of variation of maximum daily temperatures inside the mesocosm over the summer at time t in °C (numeric) Consistency_t Consistency of climate during the life up to time t (numeric) Consistency_tm1 Consistency of climate during the life up to time t minus 1 (numeric) Density_tot total density of lizards inside the mesocosm during the summer at t Density_adults density of adults inside the mesocosm during the summer at t Dispersal did the individual disperse (1 = dispersed, 0 = resident), to filter the database for residents only Change_mesocosm_t did the individual change of mesocosm at time t (1 = changed, 0 = did not change), to filter the database Change_mesocosm_tm1 did the individual change of mesocosm at time t minus 1 (1 = changed, 0 = did not change), to filter the database Survival_1y Whether the individual survived (1) or not (0) from time t to time t plus 1 Survival_sept Whether the individual survived (1) or not (0) from the beginning of the summer at time t to end of September Repro_malfem_t Whether the individual produced clutches for females or was identified as fathering an offspring by DNA for males (1) or did not reproduce (0) at time t Juv_malfem_t the number of juveniles produced by the individual at may of time t (numeric) Juv_malfem_mai_tp1 the number of juveniles produced by the individual at may of time t plus 1 (numeric) Growth Growth of juveniles from time t to time t plus 1 in mm (numeric, NA if not a juvenile from time t to t plus 1) Missing data codes: NA 5.2. Codebook for the pedigree_mouret_et_al dataset Number of variables: 3 Number of rows: 5185 Variable list: Name Description id the animal id, same number as in the column animal of the df_mouret_et_al (identification) dam the id of the mother (identification) Year the id of the father (identification) Missing data codes: NA