A Review of Thermal Ablation Therapy for Solid Tumors: Technical Principles, Clinical Translation, and Advances in Multidisciplinary-Driven Precision Energy Management

Fig. 1. Schematic of the heating mechanisms and their implications caused by RFA inside the tissue surrounding the RF electrode.Fig. 2. Overview schematic of high-intensity focused ultrasound for tumor therapy and schematic of the structure of an extracorporeal high intensity focused ultrasound transducer.Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of MWA treatment of lung tumor.Fig.4. Representative features of photothermal nanoparticle and their biomedical applications.Fig. 5. Components of MRg-LITT laser system. (a) Laser components consist of normal saline channels, laser fiber. probe, and laser beam. (b) The laser probe tip, (c) Three zone of thermal tissue damage, (d) Real-time brain MRI during LITT procedure.Fig. 6. A representative plot of recorded temperatures during the HIPEC simulation with a pelvic inflow location. (A) Overall temperature changes before, during, and after shaking. (B) A ‘zoomed in’ view of the changes during shaking.Fig. 7. Four typical approaches for realizing a WBH. (a) WBH through contact-heating method; (b) WBH through infrared radiation on body surface; (c) EWBH via heating blood from outside; (d) IWBH via directly heating blood inside vessel.Fig. 8. Scheme of the female finite element thermoregulatory model.