Urinary Microbiome-Based Metagenomic Signature for the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Gut microbial dysbiosis plays an important role in the progression of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, but the role of microbiomes from different body sites has not been studied. In this study, we evaluated whether disease-specific changes in the urinary microbiome are present in patients with HCC and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers.