Performance at Learning and Retrieval

Learning performance (top, Test of Learning), retrieval performance with reference to test of learning (middle), and retrieval performance unreferenced to test of learning (bottom). At the test of learning (recall performance with reference to 16 triplets tested) there were no significant differences between any conditions, except that recall for the 2nd transitions was generally superior to recall for the 1st transitions. Retrieval performance was determined for the triplets that were not used at the test of learning, and is indicated separately for 1st and 2nd transitions and forward and backward testing. The middle panel indicates retrieval performance as percentage of recalled words with reference to the number of recalled words at the test of learning. The bottom panel indicates retrieval performance with reference to the 8 word-triplets per testing category (forward, backward). (Percent scores of retrieval performance were calculated for each individual subject). Note, compared with wakefulness, retrieval after sleep is particularly enhanced for 1st transitions tested in forward direction († p = 0.01). Retrieval for the 1st transition after sleep is also significantly better in forward direction compared to backward direction (§ p<0.01). Data are mean±SEM.