Long term Exposure of TiO2 Nanoparticles to Earthworms

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) are widely used and their environmental occurrence has raised concerns about the potential toxicity to biota. However, few studies have investigated the effect of long-term exposure to nTiO2 on soil invertebrates. This study investigated the long-term (120 d) effect of nTiO2 on the phenotypes, transcriptomic, and metabolomic profiles of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in soil.