A multi-taxa assessment of the effectiveness of agri-environmental schemes for biodiversity management

Agri-environmental schemes (AES) aim to restore biodiversity and biodiversity-mediated ecosystem services in landscapes impoverished by modern agriculture. However, a systematic, empirical evaluation of different AES types across multiple taxa and functional groups is missing. Within one orthogonal design, we studied sown flowering AES types with different temporal continuity, size, and landscape context and used calcareous grasslands as semi-natural reference habitat. We measured species richness of twelve taxonomic groups (vascular plants, cicadas, orthopterans, bees, butterflies, moths, hoverflies, flower visiting beetles, parasitoid wasps, carabid beetles, staphylinid beetles and birds) representing five trophic levels. A total of 54,955 specimens were identified using traditional taxonomic methods and bulk arthropod samples were identified through DNA metabarcoding, resulting in a total of 1077 and 2110 taxa, respectively. Species richness of most taxonomic groups as well as multid...