Sex-specific expression of circadian rhythms enables allochronic speciation

Noctuid moths provide prime examples of species in various stages of allochronic speciation, where reproductive barriers are mediated by genetic divergence in daily or seasonal timing. Theory indicates that allochronic divergence might be one of the most plausible mechanisms of adaptive speciation, especially when timing is subject to divergent ecological selection. Here we show that the validity of this theoretical expectation is entirely contingent on species characteristics of the mating system. Our analysis focuses on the moth Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), which occurs as two strains that differ in circadian reproductive activity. Unlike in generic models of assortative mating, where chronotypes diverge under mild assumptions, individual-based evolutionary simulations of the mating system and life cycle of S. frugiperda fail to recover allochronic diversification, even under conditions highly conducive to speciation. Instead, we observe that both chronotypes advanc..., This archive contains annotated C++ code for the individual-based evolutionary simulation model analysed in the paper. Code was compiled and run on MacOS, Windows and Linux operating systems, using, respectively, XCode 13.4.1., Visual Studio Code 1.92.2. and GCC 11.3.0. , , # Sex-specific expression of circadian rhythms enables allochronic speciation

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pvmcvdnvj](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pvmcvdnvj)

## Description of the data and file structure

This archive contains annotated C++ code for the individual-based evolutionary simulation model analysed in:

G. Sander van Doorn, Jens Schepers, Roelof A. Hut & Astrid T. Groot\
Sex-specific expression of circadian rhythms enables allochronic speciation\
(accepted for publication in Evolution Letters)

### Files and variables

#### File: model.cpp

**Description:** C++ source file, programme entry point and high-level model implementation

#### Files: moth.h, random.h, utils.h

**Description:** C++ header files, containing class definitions and prototypes for pseudorandom-number and utility routines

#### Files: moth.cpp, random.cpp, utils.cpp

**Description:** C++ sources files, containing class and function implementations

## Code/software

Code was compiled and run on MacO...