Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT pathways for immune response to pathogens

Yeast, fungi, virus, and lysine-type peptidoglycan (k-type PGN) signal proteins persephone (psh) and GRASS in the Toll Pathway. These proteins signal downstream to sphinx1/2, spheroide, and spirit which leads to activation of Spatzle (spz). Spz binds to Toll which activates death domain-containing molecules (MyD88, Tube, Pelle). Pellino ubiquinates Pelle which allows TRAF to activate DIF which activates Dorsal facilitated by the ubiquitination of cactus. Dorsal translocates to nucleus to upregulate immune genes. The IMD pathway is activated by mono-diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycans (DAP-type PGN) that starts a cascade of activation of Fadd, Dredd, Tak1/Tab2 coomplex and leads to the activation, translocation, and effector gene promotion of Relish. The JAK/STAT pathway is activated by Virus and unpaired gene particles binding to dome/JAK/STAT complex leading to the activation of the STAT complex which translocates to the nucleus to promote transcription of effector genes. This pathway was taken from Figure 2A of Severo et al.

在Toll通路中，酵母、真菌、病毒及赖氨酸型肽聚糖（k型PGN）信号蛋白佩尔塞福涅（psh）和GRASS发挥着关键作用。这些蛋白通过下游信号传导至sphinx1/2、spheroide和spirit，进而引发Spatzle（spz）的激活。Spatzle与Toll结合，激活含有死亡域的分子（MyD88、Tube、Pelle）。Pellino对Pelle进行泛素化修饰，使TRAF得以激活DIF，进而通过cactus的泛素化修饰激活Dorsal。Dorsal转移至细胞核中，上调免疫基因的表达。IMD通路由单二氨基庚酸型肽聚糖（DAP型PGN）激活，启动Fadd、Dredd、Tak1/Tab2复合物的级联激活过程，最终导致Relish的激活、转移和效应基因的促进。JAK/STAT通路由病毒及未配对基因颗粒与dome/JAK/STAT复合物结合激活，导致STAT复合物的激活，并转移至细胞核中促进效应基因的转录。此通路源自Severo等人的图2A。