bethgelab/PAMELA
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--- license: cc-by-4.0 task_categories: - text-to-image language: - en tags: - aesthetics - rlhf - personalization - human-preferences --- --- license: cc-by-4.0 task_categories: - text-to-image language: - en tags: - aesthetics - rlhf - personalization - human-preferences --- <div align="center"> <h1 style="font-family: serif; font-size: 3rem; margin-bottom: 0;">PAM∃LA</h1> <p style="font-family: serif; font-size: 1.5rem; color: gray;">Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation to Individual Taste</p> <div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 1.1rem; margin-top: 10px;"> <strong>Anne-Sofie Maerten<sup>1,2</sup></strong>, <strong>Juliane Verwiebe<sup>2</sup></strong>, <strong>Shyamgopal Karthik<sup>2</sup></strong>, <strong>Ameya Prabhu<sup>2</sup></strong>, <strong>Johan Wagemans<sup>1</sup></strong>, <strong>Matthias Bethge<sup>2</sup></strong> </div> <div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 0.95rem; color: #555; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.5;"> <sup>1</sup>Tübingen AI Center, University of Tübingen <br> <sup>2</sup>Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven </div> <div style="display: flex; justify-content: center; gap: 10px;"> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07427"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-paper-b31b1b.svg" alt="arXiv"></a> <a href="https://pamela-bench.github.io"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Project-Page-blue" alt="Project Page"></a> <a href="https://github.com/PAMELA-bench/PAMELA_Predictor"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Code-GitHub-black" alt="GitHub"></a> </div> </div> ---  PAM∃LA is a dataset of **AI-generated images** rated by **human participants** for aesthetic quality. It pairs each rating with rich participant demographics and image metadata, enabling research on **personalized aesthetic prediction**, demographic biases in visual preference, and aesthetic modeling for generative content. ## Dataset Statistics | Split | # ratings | Description | |--------------------|----------:|--------------------------------------------| | `pamela_train` | 50,222 | Training set | | `pamela_val_unseen`| 926 | Val — users **not** seen in training | | `pamela_val_seen` | 6,551 | Val — seen users, unseen images | | `pamela_test_unseen`| 2,470 | Test — users **not** seen in training | | `pamela_test_seen` | 9,735 | Test — seen users, unseen images | | **Total** | **69,904**| | **Splits ending in `_seen`** evaluate model performance on **known users rating new images**. **Splits ending in `_unseen`** evaluate generalization to **completely new users** — the harder, more realistic setting for personalization research. ### Image content - **5,077** unique images - **21** visual groups: *abstract, animal, architecture, automotive, cinematic, cityscape, fashion, flower painting, food, landscape (art and photorealism), lifestyle, portrait (art and photorealism), product, scene, special, sports, still life, street, travel* - **26** art-historical styles applied to the **Art** subset (e.g., *Impressionism*, *Synthetic_Cubism*, *Art_Nouveau_Modern*, *Romanticism*, *Baroque*, *Cubism*, ...). **Photorealism** images carry no style label (`null`). - **2** image types: `Art` (26,237 ratings) and `Photorealism` (43,667 ratings) ### Participants - **199** unique participants - Age range: **19–60** - Gender: male (40,525), female (29,086), prefer not to say (293) - **23** nationalities represented ## Dataset Structure Each entry in the annotation JSON files has the following schema: ```json { "image_path": "./images/2f8e75f4-da55-4074-9328-052199f7cfb0.png", "image_id": 1049071, "participant_id": "p_5d2aeb40", "image_metadata": { "group": "landscape", "style": "Art_Nouveau_Modern", "category": "AI image", "prompt": "A grand palace, rendered in muted greens and greys ...", "type": "Art" }, "user_demographics": { "age": 28, "age_binned": "twenties", "gender": "male", "nationality": "United States" }, "quality_label": "good", "original_score": 3.497 } ``` ### Field reference | Field | Type | Description | |---|---|---| | `image_path` | string | Relative path to the PNG file under `images/` | | `image_id` | int | Unique numeric image ID | | `participant_id` | string | Pseudonymous user ID (`p_*`) | | `image_metadata.group` | string | Visual subject category (one of 19) | | `image_metadata.style` | string | Art style label (one of 26) | | `image_metadata.category` | string | Always `"AI image"` | | `image_metadata.prompt` | string | Text prompt describing the image| | `image_metadata.type` | string | `"Art"` or `"Photorealism"` | | `user_demographics.age` | int | Participant age (19–60) | | `user_demographics.age_binned` | string | Decade bucket (e.g., `"twenties"`) | | `user_demographics.gender` | string | `"male"`, `"female"`, or `"prefer not to say"` | | `user_demographics.nationality` | string | Country of origin | | `quality_label` | string | One of: `poor`, `fair`, `good`, `great`, `excellent` | | `original_score` | float | Continuous aesthetic rating (1.0–5.0) | ## Notes - The participant pool (199 users, 23 nationalities) is **not** demographically representative of the global population. Aggregated scores should not be treated as universal aesthetic judgments. - Subgroups defined by combinations of demographics (e.g., women aged 50+ from a specific country) may be very small. **Avoid claims about narrow subpopulations** without checking sample sizes.




