长武农田不同施肥不同种植制度作物产量、气候和水分平衡数据集（1985-2020年）

水资源日益紧缺，提高水分利用效率对黄土高原旱地农业的发展至关重要。施肥和种植制度是提高水分利用效率的重要措施，跟踪其对水分平衡组分的长期影响有助于水分利用和风险管理。本研究采用经过校准和验证的Hydrus-1D模型，模拟了4种施肥处理（不施肥，CK;施氮磷肥，NP;施有机肥，M；氮磷有机肥混施，NPM）和3种种植制度（冬小麦连作，WWM;春玉米连作，SMM;冬小麦-冬小麦-春玉米轮作，WMR）下1985-2020年水分平衡组分的动态变化，同时分析了不同处理下作物产量和水分利用效率的差异。结果表明，1）由于降水变化，施肥显著提高产量的同时增加了其变异性；2）施肥显著增加了3 m土壤剖面的蒸腾，减少了蒸发和渗漏，从而增加了水分利用效率。化肥与有机肥配施效果最显著；3）在3种种植制度中，春玉米连作的水分利用效率最高，而轮作制度平衡了作物生长季节差异和降水分布不均造成的水分利用差异。

With the growing scarcity of water resources, improving water use efficiency (WUE) is critical for the development of dryland agriculture on the Loess Plateau. Fertilization and cropping systems are key measures to enhance WUE. Tracking their long-term impacts on water balance components is beneficial for water resource management and risk mitigation. In this study, a calibrated and validated Hydrus-1D model was employed to simulate the dynamic changes of water balance components from 1985 to 2020 under four fertilization treatments (no fertilization, CK; nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application, NP; organic fertilizer application, M; combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic fertilizers, NPM) and three cropping systems (continuous winter wheat cropping, WWM; continuous spring maize cropping, SMM; winter wheat-winter wheat-spring maize rotation, WMR). Meanwhile, the differences in crop yield and WUE under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that: 1) Due to precipitation variability, fertilization significantly increased crop yield while elevating its temporal variability; 2) Fertilization significantly enhanced transpiration in the 3-meter soil profile, reduced evaporation and percolation, thereby improving WUE. The combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers exhibited the most pronounced effects; 3) Among the three cropping systems, continuous spring maize cropping had the highest WUE, while the rotation system balanced the differences in water use caused by disparities in crop growing seasons and uneven precipitation distribution.