Integrated Network Pharmacology and Proteomics Reveal That Erxian Decoction Counteracts Postmenopausal Osteoporosis via GSTA1-Mediated Oxidative Stress Suppression

The therapeutic effects of EXD were evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) mice using micro-CT and bone histomorphometry. Absorbed constituents of EXD were identified by UHPLC-Q analysis. Network pharmacology and quantitative proteomics were in-tegrated to predict the key pathways and targets. The candidate target was validated by in vivo assays, including Western blot, glutathione (GSH) levels, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels. Molecular docking was performed to assess the binding affinity between bioac-tive components and the target protein.