Pesticides and pathogens are major drivers of bee declines. However, their potential interactions are poorly understood, especially for non-Apis bees. This study assessed the combined effects of inf
Leptosphaeria maculans, causal agent of stem canker disease, colonises oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in two stages: a short and early colonisation stage corresponding to cotyledon or leaf colonisation
Heterologous expression of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum Avr2 in Arabidopsis plants. Keywords: plant disease Samples used for microarray analyses were replicated three times in independent e
Purpose: The powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen of cereals and has significant impact on food security (Dean et al., 2012). B. graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) is