Online Learning for Caregivers of Children and Youth with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Scoping Review

To explore key components and describe the areas of online learning programs for caregivers of children and youth with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs, e.g. autism, cerebral palsy), examine their impact, and highlight gaps in current knowledge. A scoping review, guided by the Arksey and O’Malley framework, was performed in six steps including a comprehensive search across six databases, rigorous study selection, detailed data extraction, synthesis of findings through content analysis, and consultation with five stakeholders (caregivers of children with NDDs). From 1701 citations, 36 studies were included, over half of which were randomized controlled trials (n = 20, 55.6%). Most programs focused on caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder, and nearly three-quarters targeted early childhood (0–5 years). Parental knowledge was the most frequently addressed outcome, with 86.1% (n = 31/36) studies reporting significant improvements. Caregiver consultations underscored limited integration of online programs into practice, and emphasized unmet needs related to transition to adulthood, single parent support, and flexible delivery. Online learning shows strong potential to enhance caregiver outcomes. However, future development should broaden to include diverse NDD populations, adolescence and adulthood transitions, and strategies to embed structured programs into routine clinical practice.