Cytotoxicity profiles of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different physico-chemical properties

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have industrial applications in the nanotechnology field. The physico-chemical properties of MWCNTs vary greatly depending on MWCNT manufacture and application. It has been pointed out that their needle shape and high durability are important factors that determine the biopersistence of fibers and can lead to inhalation toxicity or cytotoxicity. In this study, we prepared six suspensions of MWCNTs differing in diameter and length, and performed <i>in vitro</i> cell-based assays for 24 h using NR8383 rat alveolar macrophages. Rigid, needle-shaped MWCNTs with a large diameter (&gt;50 µm) penetrated the cytoplasm and decreased cell survival without generating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), significantly up-regulated many genes involved in inflammatory responses, response to oxidative stress and apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation. Bent MWCNTs with a small diameter (&lt;20 µm) were phagocytosed in vacuole-like cellular compartments and decreased cell survival along with intracellular ROS generation. Straight, thin MWCNTs with a small diameter (&lt;20 µm) caused a slight intracellular ROS generation but no decrease in cell viability. Some straight, long, and thin MWCNTs were found in the mitochondria and near the nuclei; however, no mutagenesis was observed. The <i>in vitro</i> cell-based assays showed high cytotoxicity of MWCNTs with a large diameter (&gt;50 µm), moderate and low cytotoxicity of MWCNTs with a small diameter (&lt;20 µm). These results suggested that the diameter of MWCNTs considerably contributes to their cytotoxicity.