Datasets used in the study "LGM-to-present warming amplifies PDO-driven Northern Hemisphere drought expansion by reshaping subtropical troughs"

Data and Methodology for the PDO–Drought-Subtropical troughs Chao Zhang et al., 2026 Description:The datasets used in the study "LGM-to-present warming amplifies PDO-driven Northern Hemisphere drought expansion by reshaping subtropical troughs" include both ERA5 reanalysis products and numerical model simulations. Figure 1 displays the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, obtained from the NCAR climate data guide (available at: https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/pacific-decadal-oscillation-pdo-definition-and-indices). Figure 2 presents the moist potential vorticity (MPV) calculated from ERA5 data (http://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6860a573). The MPV is computed as follows: MPV1=−g(ζp+f)∂θse/∂p MPV2=g(∂v/∂p · ∂θse/∂x−∂u/∂p · ∂θse/∂y) MPV=MPV1+MPV2 where θse is the equivalent potential temperature derived from air temperature and humidity; g is gravity acceleration; f is the Coriolis parameter; ζp is relative vorticity; and uu and v are the zonal and meridional wind components, respectively. Reference for the MPV formulation: Wu, G., Cai, Y. & Tang, X. Moist potential vorticity and slantwise vorticity development. Acta Meteor. Sinica. 53, 387-404 (1995). Figure 3 shows spatial fields from numerical model simulations, specifically the 850‑hPa geopotential height and wind fields. Figure 4 shows spatial fields from numerical model simulations, specifically the 200‑hPa geopotential height and wave activity flux fields. Figure 5 illustrates model‑simulated precipitation and geopotential height fields. Figure 6 diaplays contribution of IBT/NAST to PDO-related moisture anomalies.