Words do not just label concepts: activating superordinate categories through labels, lists, and definitions

We investigate the interface between concepts and word meanings by asking English speakers to list members of superordinate categories under one of three conditions: (1) when cued by a label (e.g. <i>animals</i>), (2) an exemplar list (e.g. <i>dog, cat, mouse</i>), or (3) a definition (e.g. “living creatures that roam the Earth”). We find that categories activated by labels lead to participants listing more category-typical responses, as quantified through typicality ratings, similarity in word embedding space, and accuracy in guessing category labels. This effect is stronger for some categories than others (e.g. stronger for <i>appetizers</i> than <i>animals</i>). These results support the view that a word is not merely a label for a concept, but rather a unique way of accessing and organizing conceptual space.