50 images used in experiment

Fifty images were selected from an online database representing ten types of architectural spaces: offices, residential spaces, educational spaces, indoor sports areas, retail stores, industrial spaces, restaurants, healthcare facilities, museums, and houses of worship. Forty naïve participants (17 male and 23 females, an average age of 27) took part in this study conducted in the Penn State University Lighting Lab. The visual preference ranged from “Extremely unpleasant” to “Extremely pleasant” in a 9-point scale. For the next three questions (visual complexity, visual clarity, and colorfulness), ranges of “Extremely simple” to “Extremely complex”, “Extremely unclear” to “Extremely clear”, and “Not colorful” to “Extremely colorful” were provided for each judgment. A separate “I do not know / I do not care” option was included to reduce bias and enhance the reliability of the scales.