IoT Device Ram Traces

To cover a large number of IoT use cases, we test our pro-posed framework against eight different application types withdiverse task objectives, ranging from sensing to cryptography.For notational ease, the developed firmware are representedas Fi, with i = 1, 2, . . . , 8. The specific operations coded inthese firmware are discussed below:F1: A given input data block is first encrypted and thendecrypted to retrieve the original data. The AES128algorithm is used in this process and both encryption anddecryption is performed in different functions, executediteratively.F2: Push-button interrupts are linked to the built-in button’sIO PIN-2. An Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) functionis designated to toggle the state of the built-in LED onPIN-13 according to the button pin’s state. The button’sstate is stored in a variable and then transmitted to theLED pin. Interrupts are sampled every 3 seconds beforecapturing the trace data.F3: Based on the analog value read from the sensor at PIN-3,it changes the brightness of the built-in LED connectedto PIN-13. The LED control method is defined separatelyand invoked in the Arduino loop method followed bycapturing the trace data.F4: Based on the serial seed received from the gateway, apseudo random number is generated.F5: The distance between an ultrasound sensor and an obsta-cle is measured while the device is moved laterally.F6: The voltage is read at the temperature sensor’s input PIN-and converted to the respective Celsius value. The loopmethod of the Arduino is used to call a method to readthe temperature and store the read value.F7: The vibration sensor application activates the built-inLED (PIN-13) upon detecting vibrations. A function isdefined to read digital values from the vibration sensor(PIN-7) and feed them as input to the LED. This func-tion is invoked within the Arduino loop method beforeinitiating trace collection.F8: The XTS-AES block cipher with a variable block cipherencryption is used here. The plain text, key, and tweakmodules are used for encryption. For simplicity, the readinput, key, and tweaks are sent from the gateway node