Characteristics of the Studies Included.

E/C, experimental group/control group; TXA, tranexamic acid; EACA, epsilon aminocaproic acid; I, intraoperative; P, postoperative; Hct, hematocrit; PS, primary scoliosis; SS, secondary scoliosis; AD, adult deformity; NS, neuromuscular scoliosis; AIS, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; IS, idiopathic scoliosis; KS, Kypho scoliosis; SF, spinal fusion; VCR, vertebral column resection; PO, Ponte osteotomy; BEBL, baseline estimated blood volume; RCT, randomized control trial; nRCT, non-randomized control trial.★the operative approach in this study was either anterior, or posterior, or combined. In the others, all posteriorCharacteristics of the Studies Included.