Computing time comparison across methods and datasets.

Computing time required by different methods applied to various datasets, measured per location and per report date. The table presents the mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) for computing time. For daily data, all models are trained and generate forecasts every 30 days for CHNG outpatient insurance claims and every 7 days for MA-DPH COVID-19 confirmed cases. For weekly data, models are trained and generate forecasts on a weekly basis. To ensure a fair comparison, all settings—including maximum delay and training window size—are kept the same across methods.