Replication data for: Understanding the Past: Statistical Analysis of Causal Attribution

Would the third-wave democracies have been democratized without prior modernization? What proportion of the past militarized disputes between non-democracies would have been prevented had those dyads been democratic? Although political scientists often ask these questions of causal attribution, existing quantitative methods fail to address them. This paper proposes an alternative statistical methodology based on the widely accepted counterfactual framework of causal inference. The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, the paper clarifies differences between causal attribution and causal effects by specifying the type of research questions to which each quantity is relevant. Second, it provides a clear resolution of the long-standing methodological debate on "selection on the dependent variable." Third, the paper derives new nonparametric identification results, showing that the complier probability of causal attribution can be identified using an instrumental variable. The proposed framework is illustrated via empirical examples from three subfields of political science.