Engineered iron-sulfur carriers for efficient mixotrophic and sulfur autotrophic denitrification in low carbon to nitrogen ratio municipal wastewater: mechanisms of biofilm enhancement and electron transfer promotion

To overcome these, we developed iron-sulfur-modified carriers (FeS@MC) and integrated them into an in-situ sequencing batch reactor (S-Fe-SBR), which successfully achieved rapid startup (16 days) of SAD under low C/N conditions.