Baseline characteristics of the study population

Values are expressed as medians (range or percentage).* Hypertension: Yes = systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or treated with anti-hypertension drugs.† Family history of diabetes: Yes = third-degree relatives with diabetes.‡ Exercise habit: Yes = exercised for ≥30 min each time and two or more times per week.§ Smoking habit: No = never smoked or quit smoking > 6 months ago.|| Drinking habit (alcohol consumption habit): Yes (moderate) = consumed alcohol ≥ 3 per week and ≥ 180 mL sake (same as 110 mL distilled spirits (shochu), 60 mL whisky, 200 mL wine, or 500 mL beer) at a time. Yes (heavy) = consumed alcohol ≥ 3 times per week and ≥ 180 mL sake (same as 110 mL distilled spirits (shochu), 60 mL whisky, 200 mL wine, or 500 mL beer) at a time.¶ Odds ratios were adjusted by age, sex, and body mass index.95% CI: 95% confidence interval.