STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS, PATHOGENESIS AND MORPHOLOGICAL BASIS OF DISEASES

The endocrine system is a network of glands without excretory ducts that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis.The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas,and sex glands (gonads), as well as specialized tissues of complex organs that perform other function.For example,the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, ovarian egg cells, and Leydig cells of the testes also produce hormones.There is also the APUD system,which unites endocrine cells of neuroectodermal origin that produce hormones of polypeptide or protein nature. These include the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that produce glucagon, the beta cells that produce insulin, and the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that produce calcitonin.Pathological changes are most often manifested as a result of autoimmune processes,neoplasms (tumors), or developmental defects, leading to excessive or insufficient hormone production.Morphological changes of the endocrine glands include atrophy, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, neoplastic nodules, inflammatory infiltration, as well as conditions such as fibrosis and necrosis.Endocrine changes play an important role in human pathology.They may be associated with primary damage to the endocrine glands or may occur in tumors developing outside the endocrine system.Endocrine changes that is ,endocrineopathy phenomena,when associated with tumors,are considered paraneoplastic syndromes. The purpose of this article is to study and analyze the pathomorphological changes that occur as a result of the functions and pathological alterations of the endocrine glands.