Using metabolic data to investigate the role of brood size in the development of endothermy

Altricial songbirds transform themselves from naked poikilotherms to fully feathered endothermic homeotherms over a matter of days from hatching to fledging. The ontogeny of endothermy is a developmental milestone for birds that not only face warmer average temperatures, but also increasingly frequent cold snaps and extreme weather. The timing of development of endothermy has been studied in altricial birds for over half a century. However, the determinants and constraints of the onset of endothermy are not yet fully understood. We experimentally investigated whether brood size influences the ontogeny of endothermic heat production in 4-8 day-old nestling blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) in southern Sweden. The thermogenic response to a cooling challenge (15°C) increased with age overall. We found that 8-day-old nestlings from reduced broods had a slightly increased capacity for endothermic heat production compared to enlarged broods. This difference cannot be explained by body mass because this trait did not differ between brood size categories. Although a metabolic response was present in most nestlings by day 6, it was brief, not lasting more than a few minutes, and not sufficient to maintain a stable body temperature in any age group. Our study shows that incipient endothermy is present at an early age in nestling blue tits and may advance faster in reduced broods, but that individual nestlings lack sufficient insulation and thermogenic performance to maintain homeothermy independently during the first week of life.

Methods
Metabolic data and skin temperature data was collected and processed using ExpeData (v1.9.27). We used the software's built-in functions to span calibrate baseline measurements and correct for drift in the oxygen sensor. Metabolic data was collected as %O2, %CO2 and was mathematically dried and converted to VO2 (mL O2 per minute). Data was selected automatically in ExpeData for minimum and maximum mean values.