Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling
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Interleukin-4 (IL4) is a principal regulatory cytokine during the immune response, crucially important in allergy and asthma (Nelms et al. 1999). When resting T cells are antigen-activated and expand in response to Interleukin-2 (IL2), they can differentiate as Type 1 (Th1) or Type 2 (Th2) T helper cells. The outcome is influenced by IL4. Th2 cells secrete IL4, which both stimulates Th2 in an autocrine fashion and acts as a potent B cell growth factor to promote humoral immunity (Nelms et al. 1999). <br><br>Interleukin-13 (IL13) is an immunoregulatory cytokine secreted predominantly by activated Th2 cells. It is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. IL13 shares many functional properties with IL4, stemming from the fact that they share a common receptor subunit. IL13 receptors are expressed on human B cells, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes, macrophages, respiratory epithelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, but unlike IL4, not T cells. Thus IL13 does not appear to be important in the initial differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, rather it is important in the effector phase of allergic inflammation (Hershey et al. 2003).
IL4 and IL13 induce “alternative activation” of macrophages, inducing an anti-inflammatory phenotype by signaling through IL4R alpha in a STAT6 dependent manner. This signaling plays an important role in the Th2 response, mediating anti-parasitic effects and aiding wound healing (Gordon & Martinez 2010, Loke et al. 2002)
There are two types of IL4 receptor complex (Andrews et al. 2006). Type I IL4R (IL4R1) is predominantly expressed on the surface of hematopoietic cells and consists of IL4R and IL2RG, the common gamma chain. Type II IL4R (IL4R2) is predominantly expressed on the surface of nonhematopoietic cells, it consists of IL4R and IL13RA1 and is also the type II receptor for IL13. (Obiri et al. 1995, Aman et al. 1996, Hilton et al. 1996, Miloux et al. 1997, Zhang et al. 1997). The second receptor for IL13 consists of IL4R and Interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL13RA2), sometimes called Interleukin-13 binding protein (IL13BP). It has a high affinity receptor for IL13 (Kd = 250 pmol/L) but is not sufficient to render cells responsive to IL13, even in the presence of IL4R (Donaldson et al. 1998). It is reported to exist in soluble form (Zhang et al. 1997) and when overexpressed reduces JAK-STAT signaling (Kawakami et al. 2001). It's function may be to prevent IL13 signalling via the functional IL4R:IL13RA1 receptor. IL13RA2 is overexpressed and enhances cell invasion in some human cancers (Joshi & Puri 2012).<br><br>The first step in the formation of IL4R1 (IL4:IL4R:IL2RB) is the binding of IL4 with IL4R (Hoffman et al. 1995, Shen et al. 1996, Hage et al. 1999). This is also the first step in formation of IL4R2 (IL4:IL4R:IL13RA1). After the initial binding of IL4 and IL4R, IL2RB binds (LaPorte et al. 2008), to form IL4R1. Alternatively, IL13RA1 binds, forming IL4R2. In contrast, the type II IL13 complex (IL13R2) forms with IL13 first binding to IL13RA1 followed by recruitment of IL4R (Wang et al. 2009).<br><br>Crystal structures of the IL4:IL4R:IL2RG, IL4:IL4R:IL13RA1 and IL13:IL4R:IL13RA1 complexes have been determined (LaPorte et al. 2008). Consistent with these structures, in monocytes IL4R is tyrosine phosphorylated in response to both IL4 and IL13 (Roy et al. 2002, Gordon & Martinez 2010) while IL13RA1 phosphorylation is induced only by IL13 (Roy et al. 2002, LaPorte et al. 2008) and IL2RG phosphorylation is induced only by IL4 (Roy et al. 2002).<br><br>Both IL4 receptor complexes signal through Jak/STAT cascades. IL4R is constitutively-associated with JAK2 (Roy et al. 2002) and associates with JAK1 following binding of IL4 (Yin et al. 1994) or IL13 (Roy et al. 2002). IL2RG constitutively associates with JAK3 (Boussiotis et al. 1994, Russell et al. 1994). IL13RA1 constitutively associates with TYK2 (Umeshita-Suyama et al. 2000, Roy et al. 2002, LaPorte et al. 2008, Bhattacharjee et al. 2013). <br><br>IL4 binding to IL4R1 leads to phosphorylation of JAK1 (but not JAK2) and STAT6 activation (Takeda et al. 1994, Ratthe et al. 2007, Bhattacharjee et al. 2013). <br><br>IL13 binding increases activating tyrosine-99 phosphorylation of IL13RA1 but not that of IL2RG. IL4 binding to IL2RG leads to its tyrosine phosphorylation (Roy et al. 2002). IL13 binding to IL4R2 leads to TYK2 and JAK2 (but not JAK1) phosphorylation (Roy & Cathcart 1998, Roy et al. 2002).<br><br>Phosphorylated TYK2 binds and phosphorylates STAT6 and possibly STAT1 (Bhattacharjee et al. 2013). <br><br>A second mechanism of signal transduction activated by IL4 and IL13 leads to the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) family (Kelly-Welch et al. 2003). IL4R1 associates with insulin receptor substrate 2 and activates the PI3K/Akt and Ras/MEK/Erk pathways involved in cell proliferation, survival and translational control. IL4R2 does not associate with insulin receptor substrate 2 and consequently the PI3K/Akt and Ras/MEK/Erk pathways are not activated (Busch-Dienstfertig & González-Rodríguez 2013).
白细胞介素-4(IL4)是免疫反应过程中的主要调节性细胞因子,对过敏和哮喘至关重要(Nelms 等人,1999年)。当静息T细胞被抗原激活并因白细胞介素-2(IL2)而扩增时,它们可以分化为Th1型或Th2型辅助T细胞。这一结果受到IL4的影响。Th2细胞分泌IL4,它以自分泌方式刺激Th2细胞,并作为一种强效的B细胞生长因子,促进体液免疫(Nelms 等人,1999年)。
白细胞介素-13(IL13)是一种主要由激活的Th2细胞分泌的免疫调节性细胞因子。它是过敏性炎症发病机制中的关键介质。IL13与IL4共享许多功能特性,这源于它们共享一个共同的受体亚基。IL13受体在人B细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞、内皮细胞、成纤维细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、呼吸道上皮细胞和平滑肌细胞上表达,但与IL4不同,不在T细胞上。因此,IL13似乎不是CD4 T细胞初始分化为Th2细胞的重要因子,而是在过敏性炎症效应阶段起重要作用(Hershey 等人,2003年)。
IL4和IL13诱导巨噬细胞的“替代激活”,通过IL4Rα信号传导以STAT6依赖性方式诱导抗炎表型。这种信号传导在Th2反应中起着重要作用,介导抗寄生虫作用并促进伤口愈合(Gordon & Martinez 2010,Loke 等人,2002年)。
存在两种类型的IL4受体复合物(Andrews 等人,2006年)。I型IL4R(IL4R1)主要在造血细胞表面表达,由IL4R和IL2RG(共同的γ链)组成。II型IL4R(IL4R2)主要在非造血细胞表面表达,由IL4R和IL13RA1组成,也是IL13的II型受体。(Obiri 等人,1995年,Aman 等人,1996年,Hilton 等人,1996年,Miloux 等人,1997年,Zhang 等人,1997年)。IL13的第二受体由IL4R和白细胞介素-13受体α2(IL13RA2)组成,有时被称为白细胞介素-13结合蛋白(IL13BP)。它对IL13具有高亲和力受体(Kd = 250 pmol/L),但不足以使细胞对IL13产生反应,即使在IL4R存在的情况下也不行(Donaldson 等人,1998年)。据报道,它以可溶性形式存在(Zhang 等人,1997年),当过表达时,会降低JAK-STAT信号传导(Kawakami 等人,2001年)。其功能可能在于防止通过功能性的IL4R:IL13RA1受体进行IL13信号传导。IL13RA2在某些人类癌症中过表达,并增强细胞侵袭(Joshi & Puri 2012年)。
IL4R1(IL4:IL4R:IL2RB)形成的第一步是IL4与IL4R的结合(Hoffman 等人,1995年,Shen 等人,1996年,Hage 等人,1999年)。这也是IL4R2(IL4:IL4R:IL13RA1)形成的第一步。在IL4和IL4R的初始结合之后,IL2RB结合(LaPorte 等人,2008年),形成IL4R1。或者,IL13RA1结合,形成IL4R2。相比之下,II型IL13复合物(IL13R2)的形成是通过IL13首先与IL13RA1结合,然后通过IL4R的募集来实现的(Wang 等人,2009年)。
已确定IL4:IL4R:IL2RG、IL4:IL4R:IL13RA1和IL13:IL4R:IL13RA1复合物的晶体结构(LaPorte 等人,2008年)。与这些结构一致,在单核细胞中,IL4R在IL4和IL13的作用下发生酪氨酸磷酸化(Roy 等人,2002年,Gordon & Martinez 2010年),而IL13RA1磷酸化仅由IL13诱导(Roy 等人,2002年,LaPorte 等人,2008年),IL2RG磷酸化仅由IL4诱导(Roy 等人,2002年)。
两种IL4受体复合物通过Jak/STAT级联信号传导。IL4R与JAK2(Roy 等人,2002年)组成性相关,并在IL4(Yin 等人,1994年)或IL13(Roy 等人,2002年)结合后与JAK1相关联。IL2RG与JAK3(Boussiotis 等人,1994年,Russell 等人,1994年)组成性相关。IL13RA1与TYK2(Umeshita-Suyama 等人,2000年,Roy 等人,2002年,LaPorte 等人,2008年,Bhattacharjee 等人,2013年)组成性相关。
IL4与IL4R1结合导致JAK1(而非JAK2)磷酸化和STAT6激活(Takeda 等人,1994年,Ratthe 等人,2007年,Bhattacharjee 等人,2013年)。
IL13结合增加IL13RA1的激活酪氨酸-99磷酸化,但不增加IL2RG的磷酸化。IL4与IL2RG结合导致其酪氨酸磷酸化(Roy 等人,2002年)。IL13与IL4R2结合导致TYK2和JAK2(而非JAK1)磷酸化(Roy & Cathcart 1998年,Roy 等人,2002年)。
磷酸化的TYK2结合并磷酸化STAT6和可能的STAT1(Bhattacharjee 等人,2013年)。
IL4和IL13激活的信号传导的第二机制导致胰岛素受体底物(IRS)家族(Kelly-Welch 等人,2003年)。IL4R1与胰岛素受体底物2相关联并激活PI3K/Akt和Ras/MEK/Erk通路,这些通路参与细胞增殖、存活和翻译调控。IL4R2不与胰岛素受体底物2相关联,因此PI3K/Akt和Ras/MEK/Erk通路不被激活(Busch-Dienstfertig & González-Rodríguez 2013年)。
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