Binding From both sides: TolR and full-length OmpA bind and maintain the local structure of the E. coli cell wall.

We present a molecular modelling and simulation study of the <em>E. coli </em>cell envelope, with a particular focus on the role of TolR, a native protein of the <em>E. coli </em>inner membrane in interactions with the cell wall. TolR has been proposed to bind to peptidoglycan, but the only structure of this protein thus far is in a conformation in which the putative peptidoglycan binding domain is not accessible. We show that a model of the extended conformation of the protein in which this domain is exposed, binds peptidoglycan largely through electrostatic interactions. Non-covalent interactions of TolR and OmpA with the cell wall, from the inner membrane and outer membrane sides respectively, maintain the position of the cell wall even in the absence of Braun’s lipoprotein. The charged residues that mediate the cell-wall interactions of TolR in our simulations, are conserved across a number of species of Gram-negative bacteria.