google scholar.xlsx

This scoping review examines the factors that influence the international or global image of countries involved in international wars. Our analysis reveals that a country's international image during war is predominantly shaped by the dynamic interplay of three core factors: (1) Historical factors, providing cognitive and affective frameworks for interpreting conflict; (2) Diplomatic factors, managing critical narrative alignment and credibility constraints; and (3) Leadership factors, embodying national resolve through symbolic representation and communicative authenticity. While secondary factors (e.g., military conduct, cultural proximity) play a role, they are largely interpreted through these core mechanisms.