Seawater carbonate chemistry and transgenerational responses to a multiple stressor scenario in sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus)

Here we compared the transgenerational responses to a multiple stressor scenario in sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus) that experienced different environments since their settlement: i.e., animals from a highly variable environment, such as the Venice lagoon, versus animals from a coastal area with prevailing oligotrophic conditions in the Northern Adriatic Sea. After long-term maintenance (2 and 6 months) of adult sea urchins at natural and - 0.4 units reduced pH, the F1 generations were obtained. Embryos were reared under four experimental conditions: natural and - 0.4 pH both in the absence and in the presence of an emerging contaminants' mixture (glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid at environmentally relevant concentrations, 100 μg/L).