Raw data for environment and behaviour in Zhang et al The demise of the giant ape Gigantopithecus blacki

The largest ever primate, and one of the largest of the southeast Asian megafauna, Gigantopithecus blacki1, persisted in China from ~2.0 million years until the late middle Pleistocene when it became extinct2,3,4. Its demise is enigmatic considering that it was one of the few Asian great apes to go extinct in the last 2.6 million years, while others, including orangutan, survived until the present day5. The cause of G. blacki's disappearance remains unresolved but could shed light on primate resilience and the fate of megafauna in this region6. Here, we applied three multidisciplinary analyses; chronology, past environments, and behaviour, to 22 caves in southern China. We employed 157 radiometric ages from six dating techniques to establish a timeline for G. blacki demise. We show that from 2.3 million years ago the environment was a mosaic of forests and grasses, providing ideal conditions for thriving G. blacki populations. However, just before and during the extinction window between 295-215,000 yrs ago (ka) there was enhanced environmental variability from increased seasonality, which caused changes in plant communities and an increase in open forest environments. While its taxonomic relative Pongo weidenreichi managed to adapt its dietary preferences and behaviour to this variability, G. blacki displayed signs of chronic stress and dwindling populations. Ultimately its struggle to adapt led to the demise of the greatest hominid to ever inhabit the Earth.