DIABETES MELLITUS–ASSOCIATED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: FROM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TO CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly acknowledged as a major global public health concern, affecting approximately 10% to 15% of the global population. Diabetes mellitus represents the predominant cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Currently, more than 422 million adults globally are living with diabetes mellitus, and nearly 40% of these individuals are expected to develop CKD during their lifetime. Chronic kidney disease frequently occurs as both a complication and a comorbid condition in patients with diabetes mellitus. The management of individuals with diabetes and CKD, including strict regulation of glycemic levels and blood pressure, has historically been similar in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, emerging therapeutic targets have demonstrated encouraging outcomes and may provide more individualized and disease-specific treatment strategies for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients.