Table1_Assessment of training-associated changes of the lumbar back muscle using a multiparametric MRI protocol.docx

Adaptations in muscle physiology due to long-term physical training have been monitored using various methods: ranging from invasive techniques, such as biopsy, to less invasive approaches, such as electromyography (EMG), to various quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) parameters. Typically, these latter parameters are assessed immediately after exercise. In contrast, this work assesses such adaptations in a set of qMRI parameters obtained at rest in the lumbar spine muscles of volunteers. To this end, we developed a multiparametric measurement protocol to extract quantitative values of (water) T2, fat fraction, T1, and Intra Voxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) diffusion parameters in the lumbar back muscle. The protocol was applied to 31 healthy subjects divided into three differently trained cohorts: two groups of athletes (endurance athletes and powerlifters) and a control group with a sedentary lifestyle. Significant differences in muscle water T2, fat fraction, and pseudo-diffusion coefficient linked to microcirculatory blood flow in muscle tissue were found between the trained and untrained cohorts. At the same time, diffusion coefficients (resolved along different directions) provided additional differentiation between the two groups of athletes. Specifically, the strength-trained athletes showed lower axial and higher radial diffusion components compared to the endurance-trained cohort, which may indicate muscle hypertrophy. In conclusion, utilizing multiparametric information revealed new insights into the potential of quantitative MR parameters to detect and quantify long-term effects associated with training in differently trained cohorts, even at rest.