Linear mixed model analysis of the effect of Mating System on floral traits of Arabis alpina.

Cases where model estimates for selfing populations differ significantly from those of the outcrossing populations are indicated in bold.a Model Fixed part: Mating system; Random part: Population (nested in Mating System) and Plant_ID (nested in Population), analysed with the lme function in the nlme package in R [43]b df: degrees of freedom. For testing differences between mating system df = 4 because there were three outcrossing and three selfing populationsc This model included a separate variance for the two mating systems (varIdent option of lme), as there was a large variance heterogeneity among mating systems that could not be removed by transformation.Linear mixed model analysis of the effect of Mating System on floral traits of Arabis alpina.