Parameter estimates (β) for associations between VP abilities and school test results at 13–14 years in ALSPAC participants.

Legend for Table 3.“All questions” refers to the score obtained by summing for each child all responses to questions about visual perceptual (VP) abilities.*Model 1 is adjusted for Age at KS3 testing; Gender; Maternal education; Highest maternal/paternal social class; ICD10 diagnosis; visual problems, born at less than 37 weeks gestation; admitted to a Special Care Baby Unit in first month; low birthweight; total IQ.**Model 2 is model 1 and additional adjustment for KS2 results.