南亚热带主栽油茶重要病虫害防控研究与应用

针对南亚热带主栽的高州油茶、广宁红花油茶、普通油茶病虫害高发且防控技术缺乏的问题，本项目应用森林保护学、林木育种学等学科理论和技术，采用林间调查、试验应用、室内测定等方法，弄清了南亚热带主栽油茶重要病虫害发生危害情况，并开展了生物学特性、预测预报、药剂筛选、天敌发现与利用、抗病虫害品种筛选等研究，创建了油茶重大病虫害防控关键技术体系，并将该体系进行了大面积的推广应用，使南亚热带主栽油茶病虫害发生率控制在3.5%以下。 1.全面调查并建立了南亚热带主栽油茶病虫害数据库（可在广东省林业有害生物网络医院查询，涵盖危害程度、危害部位等8个指标） 研究揭示了南亚热带油茶病虫害发生规律，发现重大病虫害9种。 2.首次发现2个油茶害虫天敌新种和1个广东省新记录种，拓展了油茶害虫生物防控新途径。2个步甲新种可用于防控鳞翅目卷叶类害虫等 茶梢尖蛾长体茧蜂为广东省新记录种，且首次发现寄生油茶织蛾幼虫，确定为该幼虫的优势寄生蜂，可用于防控油茶枝干害虫。 3.研制出以生物杀虫剂为主的3种杀虫剂组合，填补了3种油茶地下害虫防治空白。研发的以苦参碱为主要成分的防治吹绵蚧的增效杀虫剂组合和含金龟子绿僵菌的2种杀虫剂组合，减少化学农药的使用量，解决了吹绵蚧、蛴螬、白蚁的抗药性问题。 4.筛选出2种高效低毒新型杀菌剂，解决了南亚热带2种油茶主要病害防控难题。2种高效低毒新型杀菌剂即10%吡唑醚菌酯、25%嘧菌酯对炭疽病和软腐病的防治效果均能达到80%以上。 5.筛选出抗油茶炭疽病新品系1个。高抗的广宁红花油茶5号对炭疽病感染率为17.9%，与高州油茶和普通油茶相比，感染率平均降低52.6% 同时该品系还表现出对油茶象甲较好的抗性。 6.创建了以预测预报技术为前提，以生物防治为主，结合营林技术、物理防治和化学防治等综合防控技术体系，颁布《油茶病虫害防治技术规程》（DB44/T 1535-2015)。 7.获发明专利3项，颁布标准1项，发表论文13篇(SCI 2篇)，专著1部。

Aiming at the high incidence of pests and diseases and the lack of prevention and control technologies for the main cultivated Camellia species in South Subtropical China, including Camellia gauchowensis, Camellia semiserrata, and Camellia oleifera, this project applied theories and technologies from disciplines such as forest protection and tree breeding, using methods including field surveys, experimental applications, and laboratory assays. It clarified the occurrence and damage status of major pests and diseases affecting the main cultivated Camellia species in South Subtropical China, conducted studies on biological characteristics, pest forecasting, pesticide screening, natural enemy discovery and utilization, and pest-resistant variety screening, established a key technical system for the prevention and control of major Camellia pests and diseases, and promoted large-scale application of this system, reducing the incidence rate of pests and diseases in the main cultivated Camellia species in South Subtropical China to below 3.5%.

1. Conducted a comprehensive survey and established a pest and disease database for main cultivated Camellia species in South Subtropical China (available for query on the Guangdong Provincial Forest Pest Network Hospital, covering 8 indicators such as damage severity and damaged parts). The study revealed the occurrence patterns of Camellia pests and diseases in South Subtropical China, and identified 9 major pest and disease species.

2. Discovered two new species of natural enemies of Camellia pests and one new recorded species in Guangdong Province for the first time, expanding new approaches for biological control of Camellia pests. The two new Carabidae species can be used to control Lepidoptera leaf-rolling pests, etc. Macrocentrus theae (parasitoid of tea shoot borer) is a new recorded species in Guangdong Province, and it was first discovered to parasitize the larvae of Camellia webworm, and was identified as the dominant parasitoid of this larva, which can be used to control Camellia stem pests.

3. Developed three pesticide combinations mainly based on biological insecticides, filling the gaps in the control of three underground pests of Camellia. The synergistic pesticide combination containing matrine as the main ingredient for controlling Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale) and the two pesticide combinations containing Metarhizium anisopliae (scarab beetle fungus) reduced the use of chemical pesticides, and solved the problem of pesticide resistance in Icerya purchasi, grubs and termites.

4. Screened two new highly efficient and low-toxicity fungicides, solving the control difficulties of two major Camellia diseases in South Subtropical China. The two fungicides, 10% pyraclostrobin and 25% azoxystrobin, achieved control effects of over 80% against anthracnose and soft rot.

5. Screened one new Camellia variety resistant to anthracnose. The highly resistant Camellia semiserrata No.5 had an anthracnose infection rate of 17.9%, which was 52.6% lower on average compared with Camellia gauchowensis and Camellia oleifera. In addition, this variety also showed good resistance to Camellia weevil (Curculio chinensis).

6. Established a comprehensive prevention and control technical system based on forecasting technology, with biological control as the core, combined with silvicultural techniques, physical control and chemical control, etc. The "Technical Regulations for Pest and Disease Control of Camellia" (DB44/T 1535-2015) was promulgated.

7. Obtained 3 invention patents, promulgated 1 standard, published 13 papers (including 2 SCI papers), and 1 monograph.

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集汇总了南亚热带主栽油茶重要病虫害防控研究与应用项目成果，内容包括全面调查病虫害发生规律、发现天敌新种、研发生物杀虫剂和高效杀菌剂，并筛选抗病品系。研究建立了以生物防治为主的综合防控技术体系，并制定了相关技术规程，旨在降低病虫害发生率至3.5%以下，为油茶种植提供科学支持。