Twenty-one of the most prevalent human autoimmune diseases, in approximately decreasing order of prevalence [49], [275].

Autoantibodies to antigens in bold are known to be primary antibodies that occur early in disease progression, often prior to the appearance of symptoms. The tryptophan allele of the Arg620Trp polymorphism at rs2476601 in the PTPN22 gene is associated with many autoimmune diseases, as indicated in the “PTPN22 Assn.” column. Atherosclerosis (CAD) is not universally considered an autoimmune disease, and is therefore not listed. Nevertheless, CAD does have autoimmune features [376] and an association with PTPN22[377]–[379]. The initial pathology in some MS lesions is associated with MAG loss [329], [380], [381].The tryptophan PTPN22 allele is protective from CD [333].In MG, two studies conflict about whether PTPN22 is specifically associated with the subset of cases having anti-TTN antibodies.