A linked land-sea modeling framework to inform ridge-to-reef management in high oceanic islands A linked land-sea modeling framework to inform ridge-to-reef management in high oceanic islands PLOS ONE

Declining natural resources have led to a cultural renaissance across the Pacific that seeks to revive customary ridge-to-reef management approaches to protect freshwater and restore abundant coral reef fisheries. Effective ridge-to-reef management requires improved understanding of land-sea linkages and decision-support tools to simultaneously evaluate the effects of terrestrial and marine drivers on coral reefs, mediated by anthropogenic activities. Although a few applications have linked the effects of land cover to coral reefs, these are too coarse in resolution to inform watershed-scale management for Pacific Islands. To address this gap, we developed a novel linked land-sea modeling framework based on local data, which coupled groundwater and coral reef models at fine spatial resolution, to determine the effects of terrestrial drivers (groundwater and nutrients), mediated by human activities (land cover/use), and marine drivers (waves, geography, and habitat) on coral reefs. We applied this framework in two 'ridge-to-reef' systems (H (a) over bar 'ena and Ka (u) over bar ap (u) over bar lehu) subject to different natural disturbance regimes, located in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Our results indicated that coral reefs in Ka (u) over bar ap (u) over bar lehu are coral-dominated with many grazers and scrapers due to low rainfall and wave power. While coral reefs in H (a) over bar 'ena are dominated by crustose Grant no. NA13NOS4820020 DG133C11CO0019