Submillimolar levels of calcium regulates DNA structure at the dinucleotide repeat (TG/AC)(n)

Submillimolar levels of calcium, similar to the physiological total (bound + free) intranuclear concentration (0.01–1 mM), induced a conformational change within d(TG/AC)(n), one of the frequent dinucleotide repeats of the mammalian genome. This change is calcium-specific, because no other tested cation induced it and it was detected as a concentration-dependent transition from B- to a non-B-DNA conformation expanding from 3′ end toward the 5′ of the repeat. Genomic footprinting of various rat brain regions revealed the existence of similar non-B-DNA conformation within a d(TG/AC)(28) repeat of the endogenous enkephalin gene only in enkephalin-expressing caudate nucleus and not in the nonexpressing thalamus. Binding assays demonstrated that DNA could bind calcium and can compete with calmodulin for calcium.