Results of null and best models selected from all generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) on the effects of canopy disturbances by Japanese black bears, size of black-bear-created gaps, relative photosynthetic photon flux density (rPPFD), forest layers, and life form of any fleshy-fruited plants on the fruiting/non-fruiting of fleshy-fruited plants found beneath Mongolian oaks (<i>Quercus crispula</i>).

Woody liana was used as a reference life-form category ns: p ≥ 0.05, *:p < 0.05, **:p < 0.01, ***:p < 0.001 Results of null and best models selected from all generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) on the effects of canopy disturbances by Japanese black bears, size of black-bear-created gaps, relative photosynthetic photon flux density (rPPFD), forest layers, and life form of any fleshy-fruited plants on the fruiting/non-fruiting of fleshy-fruited plants found beneath Mongolian oaks (Quercus crispula).