Pfmdr1 copy number (CN) estimates, mRNA expression levels, and parasite responses to four different drugs

CN and mRNA levels were normalized to those of 106/176I (the lowest values). CN were averages of two different primer pairs using three different single copy genes (60S rRNA, ��-tubulin, and PfEBA-175) as internal controls in PCR. Expression values from microarray were also averages of many separate experiments described in the text. Data for CQ (chloroquine), MQ (mefloquine), QN (quinine) and ART (artemisinin) represent IC50 values (nM) determined from 4�C6 biological replicates. CN_RTPCR, relative CN determined using real time-PCR; CN_array, relative CN determined using microarray; Expr_RRPCR, relative mRNA level determined using real time RT-PCR; Expr_array, relative mRNA level determined using microarray.*The CN was estimated to be 3 using a printed oligonucleotide array (data not shown).