Occurrence records of tropical Asian butterflies: 1970 - 2024

Occurrence records of tropical Asia's butterflies collated from online databases and published literature. This dataset consists of 724,247* occurrence records for 3,591* species. *NOTE: 457 records are under embargo and have been omitted from this file until the embargo ends.Methods:We collected occurrence records for tropical Asian Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Hesperiidae, Riodinidae)(-11.426 – 35.64 N, 67.588 – 174.990 E) for the years 1970-present. Records were extracted from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility on 15 April 2024. We included only presence records derived from human observation, preserved specimens, material samples, or literature, provided they had associated coordinates. We omitted all records with &gt;100,000 m coordinate uncertainty, so-called “fuzzy” taxon matches, and records for which the scientific name was missing or incomplete, unless nomenclature could be extracted using a BOLD identifier (boldsystems.org/). This resulted in a final number of GBIF records = 651,285.We also extracted data from the B2D2 Database of Butterflies for Borneo provided by JKH/the Darwin Initiative (n = 19,417) and a dataset for Bangladesh provided by SC (Chowdhury et al. 2021) (n = 18,278), and unpublished datasets from coauthors. To fill geographic gaps when all of these records were plotted, we conducted targeted searches of the published literature on Google Scholar (details below), resulting in an additional 22,632 records. Pre-1970 data were omitted where possible from all sources. Final binomial synonym harmonization, validation, and authority assignment were conducted by DJL using a taxonomic reference prepared by Gerardo Lamas (Lamas, 2015. Catalogue of the butterflies (Papilionidae). Available from the author.). Family names were matched to GBIF. The resulting database consists of 724,247* records for 3,591* species. For geographic regions with relatively few GBIF records (e.g., China, Myanmar, Thailand) and for species with &lt; 10 records, we conducted targeted literature searches using Google Scholar in English, simplified Chinese, and traditional Chinese (genus OR genus + species + country name). For all species records in published sources, we extracted coordinates, locality name, locality type (e.g., exact coordinates, city, national park, island, or province), country, and year of record (where available). If exact coordinates were not provided by the source, we used Google Earth Pro (v7.3.6.9345) to estimate the locality centroid for any record provided at the province level or below (e.g., national park or city). For records from islands ≤ 100 km in length or diameter (e.g, localities within the Philippines and Indonesia), we estimated the island or archipelago centroid. If a range of coordinates was provided (e.g., records from The Butterflies of Vietnam), coordinates within the range were chosen haphazardly by selecting a point within the range provided on Google Earth Pro. Data sources for all records are provided in the <i>reference </i>column.<br>

本数据集整理自在线数据库与已发表文献，涵盖热带亚洲地区蝴蝶的出现记录。本数据集包含3591个物种的724247条出现记录。*注：其中457条记录处于保密期，在保密期结束前未纳入本文件。
研究方法：本研究收集了1970年至今的热带亚洲凤蝶总科（Papilionoidea，鳞翅目：蛱蝶科（Nymphalidae）、凤蝶科（Papilionidae）、灰蝶科（Lycaenidae）、粉蝶科（Pieridae）、弄蝶科（Hesperiidae）、蚬蝶科（Riodinidae））的出现记录，分布范围为南纬11.426°至北纬35.64°、东经67.588°至174.990°。
记录于2024年4月15日从全球生物多样性信息设施（Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF）中提取。仅纳入由人类观测、馆藏标本、材料样本或文献来源得到的存在记录，且需附带坐标信息。排除坐标不确定性超过100000米的记录、所谓的“模糊”类群匹配结果，以及科学名称缺失或不完整的记录，但可通过生命条形码数据系统（Barcode of Life Data Systems, BOLD，boldsystems.org）提取命名信息的除外。最终筛选得到GBIF记录651285条。
此外，本研究还从JKH/达尔文倡议（Darwin Initiative）提供的婆罗洲蝴蝶B2D2数据库（样本量n=19417）、SC提供的孟加拉国数据集（Chowdhury等，2021，样本量n=18278）以及合作者的未公开数据集提取数据。
为填补上述记录绘图后出现的地理空白，本研究通过谷歌学术（Google Scholar）针对性检索已发表文献（详见下文），额外获得22632条记录。所有数据源均优先选用1970年及之后的数据，尽可能剔除1970年之前的记录。
最终的双名法同物异名协调、分类学验证及学名权威指定由DJL完成，参考了Gerardo Lamas编制的分类学参考资料（Lamas, 2015. 《蝴蝶名录（凤蝶科）》，可从作者处获取）。科名匹配参照GBIF标准。最终得到的数据库包含3591个物种的724247条记录。
针对GBIF记录较少的地理区域（如中国、缅甸、泰国）以及记录数少于10条的物种，本研究使用谷歌学术以英文、简体中文及繁体中文开展针对性文献检索，检索式为：属名 OR 属名+种名+国家名。对于已发表文献中的所有物种记录，我们提取了坐标、采集地名称、采集地类型（如精确坐标、城市、国家公园、岛屿或省份）、国家及记录年份（如可获取）。若数据源未提供精确坐标，我们使用谷歌地球专业版（Google Earth Pro，v7.3.6.9345）估算省级及以下行政单元（如国家公园或城市）的地理中心。对于长度或直径不超过100千米的岛屿（如菲律宾及印度尼西亚境内的分布点），我们估算该岛屿或群岛的地理中心。若数据源提供了坐标范围（如来自《越南蝴蝶》的记录），则通过谷歌地球专业版随机选取范围内的一点作为坐标。所有记录的数据源均在<reference>列中注明。