Target enrichment of uncultured human oral bacteria with phage-derived molecules found by single-cell genomics

Advances in culture-independent microbial analysis, such as metagenomics and single-cell genomics, have significantly increased our understanding of microbial lineages. While these methods have uncovered a large number of novel microbial taxa, many remain uncultured, and their function and mode of existence in the environment are still unknown. This study aims to explore the use of bacteriophage-derived molecules as probes for the detection and isolation of uncultured bacteria. Here, we proposed multiplex single-cell sequencing to obtain massive uncultured oral bacterial genomes and searched prophage sequences from over 450 obtained human oral bacterial single-amplified genomes (SAGs). The focus was on the cell wall binding domain (CBD) in phage endolysin, and fluorescent protein-fused CBDs were generated based on several CBD gene sequences predicted from Streptococcus SAGs. The ability of the Streptococcus prophage-derived CBDs to detect and enrich specific Streptococcus species from human saliva while maintaining cell viability was confirmed by magnetic separation and flow cytometry. This phage-based approach to uncultured bacterial SAG data is expected to improve the process of designing molecules that selectively capture or detect specific bacteria, particularly from uncultured Gram-positive bacteria, and will have applications in isolation and in situ detection of beneficial or pathogenic bacteria.