On the fluid-structure interaction of flexible membrane wings for MAVs in and out of ground-effect

Wind tunnel experiments are conducted at a Reynolds number of Re = 56,000, measuring rigid flat-plates and flexible membrane wings from free-flight into ground-effect conditions. Load cell measurements, digital image correlation and particle image velocimetry are applied in high-speed to resolve time-synchronised lift, drag and pitch oscillations simultaneously with membrane and flow dynamics. Proper orthogonal decomposition is applied on flow oscillations to determine their spatiotemporal evolution. Loads, membrane motions and flow dynamics are correlated to each other to investigate their underlying coupling physics. A membrane wing's ability of static cambering and dynamic membrane oscillations are found to be beneficial when the wing is in ground-effect, where the descent in height forces premature leading-edge vortex-shedding and drag increase. The dynamic motions of membrane wings help to exploit vortex-shedding dynamics from the leading-edge that ensures time-averaged reattached flow over the wing upper surface, resulting in further lift enhancement. Membrane wings show lag-free fluid-membrane coupling at peak-lift conditions. In post-stall conditions, the membrane is found to lag the flow dynamics, signalling the end of direct fluid-structure coupling.