Sequences of the primer and probe.

Camel milk often faces quality control problems because it is vulnerable to adulteration with inferior dairy sources or plant-derived additives. Many existing DNA-based detection methods rely on suitable endogenous reference genes. This study aimed to develop an absolute quantification strategy based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan probes. A recombinant plasmid standard containing camel-specific cytochrome b (Cytb) genes was designed. The resulting standard curve revealed high linearity (R² = 0.9982) across six orders of magnitude, enabling precise quantification of copy numbers. The primers and probes demonstrated high specificity for camel DNA, and the plasmid standards met quality criteria (A260/280 = 1.82; concentration deviation