Enterprise Survey 2008 - Afghanistan

Abstract
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The Afghanistan Enterprise Survey 2008 was a nationwide survey to gather information and opinions about the business environment in the country. The survey covered over 1000 businesses.

The objective of the Enterprise Survey was to generate establishment-level quantitative and qualitative information that will help evaluate the performance of business enterprises and identify constraints to doing business. The survey was designed to provide indicators of Afghanistan's investment climate and business performance that can be used to identify reform priorities to track changes over time.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country's business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents' opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The manufacturing and service sectors were the primary business sectors of interest. Firms with 100% government/state ownership were not eligible to participate.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The researchers interviewed 647 formal businesses for this survey.

"Formal" referred to a business registered with a central government body, such as Afghanistan Investment Support Agency (AISA) and/or any government ministry - the Department of Commerce, the Department of Economy, the Department of Education, etc. "Informal" referred to a business not registered with a central government body. Establishments only registered with a local administration, a business association or a union, were considered informal. Given the small number of retailers registered centrally, combined with unavailability of a comprehensive list of registered retailers, the decision was made to accept some retailers that were only registered at the municipality level as "formal" for the purposes of this study.

The sample was split between five sectors. The World Bank advised on four sectors: manufacturing, retail, construction, and 'other services', comprising of hotels and restaurants; wholesalers; transport, storage and communications; IT services, and repair of motor vehicles. The local partner introduced an additional sector of "professional, scientific and technical," comprised of legal and accounting services, business and consulting services, architecture and engineering, advertising, research and media companies, private education institutes, and private health clinics.

Ten cities were covered for this survey, weighted according to the size and level of industrial activity.

While there were no fixed quotas for company size, preference was given to larger companies from AISA lists used to source formal companies. In addition, there was an interest from the local Afghan partner to cover micro businesses with less than five employees. Consequently, the sample proposition indicated a minimum of 5% of the sample should cover this size group.

The fieldwork team aimed to find formal companies from the following two sources:
World Bank Panel list (338 businesses interviewed for 2005 Afghanistan Enterprise Survey);
AISA (Afghanistan Investment Support Agency) list (1st, 2nd and 3rd choice companies provided by the World Bank, based on size).
Each of these lists contained telephone numbers and addresses for registered companies.

Due to difficulties contacting establishments solely through the Panel list and AISA list, it was necessary to find other sources to reach companies. Information from relevant NGOs (such as the Peace Dividend Trust), local AISA offices and Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries, was used. To reach retailers, either locally obtained Department of Commerce lists or, more commonly, local knowledge of large retailers were used.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instrument is available:
- Main questionnaire that combines Core, Manufacturing and Services modules.

Three versions of the questionnaire were generated in order to provide more tailored tools to the fieldwork team:
1) The Core questionnaire was used for the construction, other services, and professional, scientific and technical sectors;
2) The Manufacturing questionnaire was only used for manufacturers. It contained all the questions on the Core questionnaire, as well as some manufacturing specific questions;
3) The Services questionnaire was only used for retailers. It contained all the questions on the Core questionnaire, as well as some retailer specific questions.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, security, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, response rates, and implementation can be found in the document "Description of Afghanistan Implementation" in "Technical Documents" folder.

摘要
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阿富汗企业调查2008是一项全国性调查，旨在收集有关该国商业环境的资料和观点。该调查涵盖超过1000家企业。
企业调查的目的是生成企业层面的定量和定性信息，以帮助企业评估商业企业的绩效，并识别商业活动的限制因素。该调查旨在提供有关阿富汗投资环境和商业表现的指标，可用于确定改革优先事项，并追踪随时间的变化。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业-政府关系、创新和技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确认了一个国家商业环境的特征。其余问题评估了调查受访者对阻碍企业增长和绩效的障碍的看法。数据收集方式为面对面访谈。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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本研究的主要抽样单元是企业。企业是指从事商业活动和工业运营或提供服务的地方。一个公司可能由一个或多个企业组成。例如，一家啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个分销企业。为了本次调查的目的，企业必须能够独立做出财务决策，并拥有与公司财务报表分开的财务报表。企业还必须拥有自己的管理和对其工资单的控制。
总体
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制造业和服务业是该调查关注的重点商业部门。100%政府/州所有权的公司无资格参与。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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研究人员为此项调查采访了647家正规企业。
“正规”指的是在中央政府机构注册的企业，如阿富汗投资支持机构（AISA）和/或任何政府部门——商务部、经济部、教育部等。“非正规”指的是未在中央政府机构注册的企业。仅在当地政府、商会或工会注册的企业被视为非正规。鉴于注册中央的零售商数量较少，加上缺乏注册零售商的完整清单，决定接受仅在市政层面注册的一些零售商作为“正规”企业。样本在五个部门之间分配。世界银行就四个部门提供建议：制造业、零售业、建筑业和其他服务，包括酒店和餐饮业；批发商；运输、仓储和通信；IT服务和汽车维修。当地合作伙伴引入了一个额外的“专业、科学和技术”部门，包括法律和会计服务、商业和咨询服务、建筑和工程、广告、研究和媒体公司、私立教育机构和私立医疗机构。
本次调查涵盖了十个城市，根据工业活动的规模和水平进行加权。
尽管没有公司规模的固定配额，但优先考虑了来自AISA列表的大公司。此外，当地阿富汗合作伙伴有兴趣覆盖拥有不到五名员工的微型企业。因此，样本提议中至少5%的样本应涵盖这个规模群体。
实地调查团队旨在从以下两个来源寻找正规公司：
世界银行面板列表（为2005年阿富汗企业调查采访了338家企业）；
AISA（阿富汗投资支持机构）列表（世界银行根据规模提供的第1、2和3选择公司）。
每个列表都包含注册公司的电话号码和地址。
由于仅通过面板列表和AISA列表联系企业存在困难，因此有必要找到其他来源来联系公司。使用来自相关非政府组织（如和平红利信托）、当地AISA办公室和阿富汗商会和工业界的情报。为了联系零售商，要么使用当地获得的商务部列表，要么更常见的是使用对大型零售商的当地了解。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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当前调查工具如下：
- 主问卷，结合核心、制造业和服务模块。
为了为实地调查团队提供更定制的工具，生成了三个版本的问卷：
1) 核心问卷用于建筑、其他服务和专业、科学和技术部门；
2) 制造业问卷仅用于制造商。它包含核心问卷上的所有问题，以及一些特定的制造业问题；
3) 服务问卷仅用于零售商。它包含核心问卷上的所有问题，以及一些特定的零售商问题。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、安全、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业-政府关系、创新和技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确认了一个国家商业环境的特征。其余问题评估了调查受访者对阻碍企业增长和绩效的障碍的看法。
数据清理操作
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承包商执行数据录入和质量控制，并将数据分批（通常为10%、50%和100%）交付世界银行。这些数据交付将检查逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式和重复条目。问题由世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重访企业进行纠正。
应答率
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有关抽样方法、样本框、应答率和实施的完整信息，可在“技术文件”文件夹中的“阿富汗实施描述”文档中找到。